公约
出处：按学科分类—社会科学总论 中国建材工业出版社《中国文书大典下卷》第2426页（17506字）
【简介】：
公约，属于涉外契约文书的一种。通常是许多国家为解决某一专门的重大国际问题而举行国际会议，最后缔结的多边条约。公约的内容大都是关于国际间的经济、技术或法律等方面专门问题，规定其缔约国在这些专门问题上共同遵守的行为规则和其他制度。
公约一般由三部分组成：
(一)标题 公约的标题大致有三个类型：一是由事由和文种组成，如“和平解决国际争端公约”；或由地名和文种组成，如“海牙公约”；或由地域范围和文种组成，如“北大西洋公约”。二是由地名、事由和文种组成，如“维也纳外交关系公约”；或由组织名称、事由和文种组成，如“联合国海洋法公约”。第三种类型是由年代、组织名称、事由和文种组成，如“1978年联合国海上货物运输公约”。
(二)时间及会议名称 有的写签约时间和会议名称，有的只写签约时间。一般写在标题之下，用括号括起来。
(三)正文 正文的内容一般分两部分写。前言部分写制定公约的会议、依据、目的等；主体部分写公约的具体内容及其公约参加国的批准书、生效日、文本等。
【范例】：
维也纳外交关系公约(节选)
(一九六一年四月十八日订于维也纳)
本公约各当事国：
鉴于各国人民自古即已确认外交代表之地位，察及联合国宪章之宗旨及原则中有各国主权平等、维持国际和平与安全、以及促进国际间友好关系等项，深信关于外交往来，特权及豁免之国际公约当能有助于各国间友好关系之发展——此项关系对于各国宪政及社会制度之差异，在所不问，确认此等特权与豁免之目的不在于给与个人以利益而在于确保代表国家之使馆能有效执行职务。
重申凡未经本公约明文规定之问题应继续适用国际习惯法之规则，爰议定条款如下：
第一条
就适用本公约而言，下列名称之意义，应依下列规定：
(甲)称“使馆馆长”者，谓派遣国责成担任此项职位之人；
(乙)称“使馆人员”者，谓使馆馆长及使馆职员；
(丙)称“使馆职员”者，谓使馆外交职员、行政及技术职员，及事务职员；
(丁)称“外交职员”者，谓具有外交官级位之使馆职员；
(戊)称“外交代表”者，谓使馆馆长或使馆外交职员；
(己)称“行政及技术职员”者，谓承办使馆行政及技术事务之使馆职员；
(庚)称“事务职员”者，谓为使馆仆役之使馆职员；
(辛)称“私人仆役”者，谓充使馆人员佣仆而非为派遣国雇用之人；
(壬)称“使馆馆舍”者，谓供使馆使用及供使馆馆长寓邸之用之建筑物或建筑物之各部分，以及其所附属之土地，至所有权谁属，则在所不问。
第二条
国与国间外交关系及常设使馆之建立，以协议为之。
第三条
一、除其他事项外，使馆之职务如下：
(甲)在接受国中代表派遣国；
(乙)于国际法许可之限度内，在接受国中保护派遣国及其国民之利益；
(丙)与接受国政府办理交涉；
(丁)以一切合法手段调查接受国之状况及发展情形，向派遣国政府具报；
(戊)促进派遣国与接受国间之友好关系，及发展两国间之经济、文化与科学关系。
二、本公约任何规定不得解释为禁止使馆执行领事职务。
第四条
一、派遣国对于拟派驻接受国之使馆馆长人选务须查明其确已获得接受国之同意。
二、接受国无须向派遣国说明不予同意之理由。
第五条
一、派遣国向有关接受国妥为通知后，得酌派任一使馆馆长或外交职员兼驻一个以上国家，但任可接受国明示反对者，不在此限。
二、派遣国委派使馆馆长兼驻另一国或数国者，得在该馆长不常在驻节之国内，设立以临时代办为馆长之使馆。
三、使馆馆长或使馆任何外交职员得兼任派遣国驻国际组织之代表。
第六条
两个以上国家得合派同一人为驻另一国之使馆馆长，但接受国表示反对者不在此限。
第七条
除第五条、第八条、第九条及第十一条另有规定外，派遣国得自由委派使馆职员。关于陆、海、空军武官，接受国得要求先行提名，征求该国同意。
第八条
一、使馆外交职员原则上应属派遣国国籍。
二、委派属接受国国籍之人为使馆外交职员，非经接受国同意，不得为之；此项同意得随时撤销之。
三、接受国对于第三国国民之亦非为派遣国国民者，得保留同样之权利。
第九条
一、接受国得随时不具解释通知派遣国宣告使馆馆长或使馆任何外交职员为不受欢迎人员或使馆任何其他职员为不能接受。遇此情形，派遣国应斟酌情况召回该员或终止其在使馆中之职务。任何人员得于其到达接受国国境前，被宣告为不受欢迎或不能接受。
二、如派遣国拒绝或不在相当期间内履行其依本条第一项规定所负义务，接受国得拒绝承认该员为使馆人员。
第十条
一、下列事项应通知接受国外交部或另经商定之其他部：
(甲)使馆人员之委派，其到达及最后离境或其在使馆中职务之终止；
(乙)使馆人员家属到达及最后离境；遇有任何人成为或不复为使馆人员家属时，亦宜酌量通知；
(丙)本项(甲)款所称人员雇用之私人仆役到达及最后离境；遇有私人仆役不复受此等人员雇用时，亦宜酌量通知；
(丁)雇用居留接受国之人为使馆人员或为得享特权与豁免之私人仆役时，其雇用与解雇。
二、到达及最后离境，于可能范围内，亦应事先通知。
第十一条
一、关于使馆之构成人数如另无协议，接受国得酌量本国环境与情况及特定使馆之需要，要求使馆构成人数不超过该国认为合理及正常之限度。
二、接受国亦得在同样范围内并在无差别待遇之基础上，拒绝接受某一类之官员。
第十二条
派遣国非经接受国事先明示同意，不得在使馆本身所在地以外之地点设立办事处，作为使馆之一部分。
第十三条
一、使馆馆长依照接受国应予划一适用之通行惯例。在呈递国书后或在向接受国外交部或另经商定之其他部通知到达并将所奉国书正式副本送交后，即视为已在接受国内开始执行职务。
二、呈递国书或递送国书正式副本之次第依使馆馆长到达之日期及时间先后定之。
第十四条
一、使馆馆长分为如下三级：
(甲)向国家元首派遣之大使或教廷大使，及其他同等级位之使馆馆长；
(乙)向国家元首派遣之使节、公使及教廷公使；
(丙)向外交部长派遣之代办。
二、除关于优先地位及礼仪之事项外，各使馆馆长不应因其所属等级而有任何差别。
第十五条
使馆馆长所属之等级应由关系国家商定之。
第十六条
一、使馆馆长在其各别等级中之优先地位应按照其依第十三条规定开始执行职务之日期及时间先后定之。
二、使馆馆长之国书如有变更而对其所属等级并无更动时，其优先地位不受影响。
三、本条规定不妨碍接受国所采行关于教廷代表优先地位之任何办法。
第十七条
使馆外交职员之优先顺序应由使馆馆长通知外交部或另经商定之其他部。
第十八条
各国接待使馆馆长，对于同一等级之馆长应适用划一程序。
第十九条
一、使馆馆长缺位或不能执行职务时，应由临时代办暂代使馆馆长。临时代办姓名应由使馆馆长通知接受国外交部或另经商定之其他部；如馆长不能通知时，则由派遣国外交部通知之。
二、使馆如在接受国内并无外交职员时，派遣国得于征得接受国同意后，指派行政或技术职员一人，主持使馆日常行政事务。
第二十条
使馆及其馆长有权在使馆馆舍，及在使馆馆长寓邸与交通工具上使用派遣国之国旗或国徽。
第二十一条
一、接受国应便利派遣国依照接受国法律在其境内置备派遣国使馆所需之馆舍，或协助派遣国以其他方法获得房舍。
二、接受国遇必要时，并应协助使馆为其人员获得适当之房舍。
VIENNA CONVENTION ON DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS(selected)
(April18，1961)
The States Parties to the Present Convention，
Recalling that peoples of all nations from ancient times have recognized the status of diplomatic agents
Having in mind the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations concerning the sovereign equality of States，the maintenance of international peace and security，and the promotion of friendly relations among nations．
Believing that an international convention on diplomatic intercourse，privileges and immunities would contribute to the development of friendly relations among nations，irrespective of their differing constitutional and social systems．
Realizing that the purpose of such privileges and immunities is not to benefit individuals but to ensure the efficient performance of the functions of diplomatic missions as representing States．
Affirming that the rules of customary international law should continue to govern questions not expressly regulated by the provisions of the present Convention·
Have agreed as follows：
Article1
For the purpose of the present Convention，the following expressions shall have the meanings hereunder assigned to them：
(a)the“head of the mission”is the person charged by the sending State with the duty of acting in that capacity；
(b)the“members of the mission”are the head of the mission and the members of the staff of the mission；
(c)the“members of the staff of the mission”are the members of the diplomatic staff， of the administrative and technical staff and of the service staff of the mission；
(d)the“members of the diplomatic staff”are the members of the staff of the mission having diplomatic rank；
(e)a“diplomatic agent”is the head of the mission or a member of the diplomatic staff of the mission；
(f)the“members of the administrative and technical staff”are the members of the staff of the mission employed in the administrative and technical service of the mission；
(g)the“members of the service staff”are the members of the saff of the mission in the domestic service of the mission；
(h)a“private servant”is a person who is in the domestic service of a member of the mission and who is not an employee of the sending State；
(i)the“premises of the mission”are the buildings or parts of buildings and the land ancillary thereto，irrespective of ownership，used for the purposes of the mission including the residence of the head of the mission．
Article2
The establishment of diplomatic relations between States，and of permanent diplomatic missions，takes place by mutual consent．
Article3
1．The functions of a diplomatic mission consist inter alia in：
(a)representing the sending State in the receiving State；
(b)protecting in the receiving State the interests of the sending State and of its nationals， within the limits permitted by international law；
(c)negotiating with the Government of the receiving State；
(d)ascertaining by all lawful means conditions and developments in the receiving State， and reporting thereon to the Government of the sending State；
(e)promoting friendly relations between the sending State and the receiving State，and de veloping their economic，cultural and scientific relations．
2．Nothing in the present Convention shall be construed as preventing the performance of consular functions by a diplomatic mission．
Article4
1．The sending State must make certain that the agrément of the receiving State has been given for the person it proposes to accredit as head of the mission to that State．
2．The receiving State is not obliged to give reasons to the sending State for a refusal of agrément．
Article5
1．The sending State may，after it has given due notification to the receiving States con cerned，accredit a head of mission or assign any member of the diplomatic staff，as the case may be，to more than one State，unless there is express objection by any of the receiving States．
2．If the sending State accredits a head of mission to one or more other States，it may es tablish a diplomatic mission headed by a charge d’affaires ad interim in each State where the head of mission has not his permanent seat．
3．A head of mission or any member of the diplomatic staff of the mission may act as repre sentative of the sending State to any international organization．
Article6
Two or more States may accredit the same person as head of mission to another State，unless obiection is offered by the receiving State．
Article7
Subject to the provisions of Articles 5，8，9 and 1 1，the sending State may freely appoint themembers of the staff of the mission．In the case of military，naval or air attachés，the receiving State may require their names to be submitted beforehand，for its approval．
Article8
1．Members of the diplomatic staff of the mission should in principle be of the nationality of the sending State．
2．Members of the diplomatic staff of the mission may not be appointed from among per sons having the nationality of the receiving State，except with the consent of that State which may be withdrawn at any time．
3．The receiving State may reserve the same right with regard to nationals of a third State who are not also nationals of the sending State．
Article9
1．The receiving State may at any time and without having to explain its decision，notify the sending State that the head of the mission or any member of the diplomatic staff of the mission is persona non grata or that any other member of the staff of the mission is not acceptable． In any such case，the sending State shall，as appropriate，either recall the person concerned or terminate his functions with the mission．A person may be declared non grata or not acceptable before arriving in the territory of the receiving State．
2．If t he sending State refuses or fails within a reasonable period to carry out its obligations under paragraph l of this Article，the receiving State may refuse to recognize the person concerned as a member of the mission．
Article10
1．The Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the receiving State，or such other ministry as may be agreed，shall be notified of：
(a)the appointment of members of the mission，their arrival and their final departure or the termination of their functions with the mission；
(b)the arrival and final departure of a person belonging to the family of a member of the mission and，where appropriate，the fact that a person becomes or ceases to be a member of the family of a member of the mission；
(c)the arrival and final departure of private servants in the employ of persons referred to in sub-paragraph(a)of this paragraph and，where appropriate，fact that they are leaving theemploy of such persons；
(d)the engagement and discharge of persons resident in the receiving State as members of the mission or private servants entitled to privileges and immunities．
2．Where possible，prior notification of arrival and final departure shall also be given．
Article11
1．In the absence of specific agreement as to the size of the mission，the receiving State may require that the size of a mission be kept within limits considered by it to be reasonable andnormal，having regard to circumstances and conditions in the receiving State and to the needs of the particular mission．
2．The receiving State may equally，within similar bounds and on a non-discriminatorybasis，refuse to accept officials of a particular category．
Article12
The sending State may not，without the prior express consent of the receiving State，es tablish offices forming part of the mission in localities other than those in which the mission it self is established．
Article 13
1．The head of the mission is considered as having taken up his functions in the receiving State either when he has presented his credentials or when he hasnotified his arrival and a truecopy of his credentials has been presented to the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the receiving State，or such other ministry as may be agreed，in accordance with the practice prevailing in the receiving State which shall be applied in a uniform manner．
2．The order of presentation of credentials or of a true copy thereof will be determined by the date and time of the arrival of the head of the mission．
Article14
1．Heads of mission are divided into three classes，namely：
(a)that of ambassadors or nuncios accredited to Heads of State，and other heads of mission of equivalent rank；
(b)that of envoys，ministers and internuncios accredited to Heads of State；
(c)that of charge d’affaires accredited to Ministers for Foreign Affairs．
2．Except as concerns precedence and etiquette，there shall be no differentiation between heads of mission by reason of their class．
Article 15
The class to which the heads of their missions are to be assigned shall be agreed between States．
Article16
1．Heads of mission shall take precedence in their respective classes in the order of the date and time of taking up their functions in accordance with Article 1 3．
2．Alterations in the credentials of a head of mission not involving any change of class shall not affect his precedence．
3．This article is without prej udice to any practice accepted by the receiving State regarding the Precedence of he representative of the Holy See．
Article17
The precedence of the members of the diplomatic staff of the mission shall be notified by the head of the mission to the Ministry for Foreign Affairs or such other ministry as may be a greed．
Article18
The procedure to be observed in each State for the reception of heads of mission shall be uniform in respect of each class．
Article19
1．If the post of head of the mission is vacant，or if the head of the mission is unable to perform his functions，acharged’affairesadinterimshall act provisionally as head of the mission．The name of thecharged’affairesadinterimshall be notified，either by the head of the mission or，in case he is unable to do so，by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the sending State to the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the receiving State or such other ministry as may be agreed．
2．In cases where no member of the diplomatic staff of the mission is present in he receiving State，a member of the administrative and technical staff may，by the sending State to be in charge of the current administrative affairs of the mission．
Article20
The mission and its head shall have the right to use the flag and emblem of the sending State on the premises of the mission，including the residence of the head of the mission，and on his means of transport．
Article21
1．The receiving State shall either facilitate the acquisition on its territory，in accordance with its laws，by the sending State of premises necessary for its mission or assist the latter in obtaining accommodation in some other way．
2．It shall also，where necessary，assist missions in obtaining suitable accommodation for their members．